dna.png

Chapter 2 - Models Of Bonding & Structure

atom-symbol.png

Atom Symbol

Chapter 1 - Models Of The Particulate Nature Of Matter

globe-with-meridians.png

 Globe with Meridians

Chapter 3 - Classification Of Matter

fire.png

Fire

Chapter 4 - What Drives Chemical Reactions?

rocket.png

Rocket

Chapter 5 - How Much, How Fast & How Far?

test-tube.png

Test Tube

Chapter 6 - What Are The Mechanisms Of Chemical Change?

Whoo-hoo! Let&#39;s break down covalent substances in a way you&#39;ll never forget! 🎉

<ul>
	<li>Covalent Network: Think of this as a &quot;city of atoms&quot; where all the atoms are tightly connected.
	<ul>
		<li>Examples: Diamonds 💎 and Quartz.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Molecular Covalent: Imagine this as a &quot;dance party of molecules&quot; with some space between the dancers.
	<ul>
		<li>Examples: Water 💧 and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Real-world: Imagine the difference between a crowded city with tightly-packed buildings (covalent network) and a beach party (molecular covalent)!

<ul>
	<li>Covalent Network
	<ul>
		<li>Solid at room temp. 🌡</li>
		<li>Non-volatile: they don&#39;t like to evaporate (imagine trying to evaporate a diamond!).</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Molecular Covalent
	<ul>
		<li>Generally volatile: evaporate easily.</li>
		<li>Smaller molecules = more volatile.</li>
		<li>Bigger molecules (like tetracosane in candles 🕯) = less volatile.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Real-world: Lighting a candle? The wax melts and evaporates because of those intermolecular forces!

<ul>
	<li>Most covalent substances = terrible at conducting electricity.
	<ul>
		<li>Why? Their electrons are &quot;stage-shy&quot; and prefer staying put in their bonds!</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Exceptions
	<ul>
		<li>Graphite: Good conductor (this is why it&#39;s in your pencils ✏️!).</li>
		<li>Silicon: Semiconductor. Used in solar panels 🌞 for green energy!</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Covalent Network: They&#39;re the introverts of solubility - typically not dissolving in solvents.</li>
	<li>Molecular Covalent: Their solubility is like social preferences!
	<ul>
		<li>&quot;Like dissolves like&quot; = non-polar mixes with non-polar; polar with polar.</li>
		<li>Example: Iodine + hexane = BFFs! But Iodine + water? Not so much.</li>
		<li>Alcohol (like ethanol and methanol) loves water. But as the alcohol chain grows, the love fades.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Real-world

<ul>
	<li>Oil + Water in salad dressing 🥗: They separate (immiscible) because of their different attractions.</li>
	<li>Soap 🧼: It&#39;s like a social butterfly! One side loves water (hydrophilic) while the other side avoids it (hydrophobic). This is why soap cleans greasy dishes!</li>
</ul>

In a Nutshell 🌰

<ul>
	<li>Covalent Network Substances:

	<ul>
		<li>Strong as a rock: non-volatile, poor electrical conductors, and don&#39;t dissolve.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>Molecular Covalent Substances:
	<ul>
		<li>Social butterflies: can be volatile, still poor electrical conductors, and have varying solubility friendships.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

Now, remember to keep the party going with these notes! And remember, chemistry isn&#39;t just in the lab, it&#39;s all around us! 🎉🌍🧪📚

<ul>
</ul>

Unlocking the Mysteries of Covalent Compounds!

ib-standard-level.webp

Standard Level

Chemistry SL

Chapter 2 - Models Of Bonding & Structure

Unlocking the Mysteries of Covalent Compounds!

Table of content

The covalent duo - network vs. molecular 🕺💃

Getting hot & bothered - volatility 🔥

Unlock the Full Content!

Chapter 2 - Models Of Bonding & Structure

Unlocking the Mysteries of Covalent Compounds!

Table of content

The covalent duo - network vs. molecular 🕺💃

Getting hot & bothered - volatility 🔥

Unlock the Full Content!