• Ideal Gases vs. Real Gases
  • Ideal Gas: A theoretical gas that follows the kinetic model perfectly. Best suited for monatomic gases (single atom gases).
  • Real Gas: Gases in the real world! Their behavior can deviate from the ideal gas, especially at low temperatures and high pressures.
• Not-so-ideal Behaviors
  • Real gases can be liquefied (turned from gas to liquid). Ideal gases shouldn't be able to do this! 😲
• Real-World Example: Think of carbon dioxide (CO2). If you cool it down below 31°C, it becomes a dry ice (solid)! But ideally, this shouldn’t happen.
• PV/RT vs. P Graph:
  • For an ideal gas, PV/RT would be a straight line. But for real gases, especially at low temperatures and high pressures, it's a wacky curve. The cooler it gets, the more they deviate!
• Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution:
  • This is about how different gas molecules move.
• Real-World Example: Helium (He) molecules are speedy Gonzales, even more so than hydrogen (H2)! That’s why we don’t have much helium or hydrogen in our atmosphere – they zip away too quickly! 🎈
• Escape speed of Earth: 11 kms−1. Some hydrogen molecules match this speed, and off they go into space!
• Van der Waals Equation:
  • A fancy-schmancy equation that helps us understand real gases better.
• The equation: (P +\(\frac {n^2a}{V^2}\)​)(V –nb) = nRT
• Real-World Example: Think of a crowded elevator (small V). People (molecules) are super close and are uncomfortable (forces between them). The discomfort (pressure) goes up!
• Speed of Sound in Gases:
  • Speed of sound in a gas depends on the typical speeds of its molecules.
• Real-World Example: As you heat up the air, sound travels faster! Imagine a rock band playing on a hot day, their music might just reach your ears a tad faster!
• Simplified Models:
  • We often use simpler models to explain complicated stuff.
  • Electrons moving in metal 🎸
  • Waves bending and messing with each other 🌊
  • Air dancing in a pipe (yup, that’s sound waves) 🎵
  • Gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields – think of magnets, apples falling, and static shocks! 🍎🧲
  • Atoms glowing (energy levels in atoms) 💡

• Plot the graph of the speed of sound vs. temperature.
• Determine the gradient and its uncertainty.
• Plot a graph of v² against T in kelvin.
• Add error bars.
• Find the value of constant b and its uncertainty.
• At what temperature can we see a difference in the trends?

Remember, physics isn't just about formulas – it’s about understanding the universe, one equation at a time! 🌌🔭