History SL
5
Chapters
187
Notes
Case study 1: Japanese Expansion In East Asia 1931-41 (The Global War)
Case Study 2: German & Italian Expansion 1933-40 (The Global War)
Italy's WWI Expansion: A Journey Through Conflict & Identity
Exploring Mussolini's Impact on Italian Foreign Policy
Unlocking Mussolini's Expansionist Policy A Right & Necessity
Exploring Mussolini's Economic Impact on Italy’s Foreign Policy
Unlocking Mussolini's Foreign Policy Secrets!
1923 Corfu Incident: Mussolini’s Controversial Invasion!
Fiume Tension: Italy’s 1924 Power Play
Explore The Intricacies Of The Locarno Pact, 1925!
1930s: Transformation of Italian Foreign Policy
Hitler's Ascent: Impact on 1930s Europe
Italy's Abyssinian Conquest: Unearthed Truths!
1934 Abyssinia Invasion: Unveiling Hidden Truths
Peace Quest: Resolving Italy-Abyssinia Clash!
Strategic Diplomacy Britain, France & Italy's Pact
Abyssinia & Italy: A Tale of Invasion
Global Impact The Spanish Civil War & International Relations
Albania's 1939 Invasion: Untold Secrets Revealed!
Mussolini's Invasion: Unveiling Hidden Motives!
Explore Mussolini's Impact: Italy's Invasion Insight!
1919: Germany's Struggle with Treaty of Versailles
Rise and Fall of Weimar Republic: A Prelude to Hitler
Nazism's Impact on Germany’s Foreign Policy
Unlocking Hitler’s Foreign Policy Secrets
Understanding Hitler's Ruthless Rise to Power
Germany’s Policy Shift Domestic Issues & Foreign Strategies
Unraveling Hitler's Defiance World Disarmament Woes
Hitler’s Stealthy Rearm Global Reactions & Pacts
Germany's Bold Rearmament & Global Reactions
Rhineland's Tactical Remilitarization A Shift in Power
Diplomatic Shifts: Europe's Dance with Mussolini & Hitler
1937 Hitler's Secret Meeting & The Hossbach Memorandum
Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933-1937 Speculation or Planning
Hitler's Anschluss: Austria's Merge Into The Third Reich
Sudeten Crisis Czechoslovakia's Tensions & Germany's Desire
May 1938 Crisis Czechoslovakia's Tension With Hitler's Germany
Munich Conference 1938 The Hidden Implications Revealed!
Munich Agreement Strategic Delay or Diplomatic Blunder
Poland's Peril: Why Germany Ignited WWII Over The Polish Corridor
German-Italian Relations The Unraveling Pact Of Steel, 1939
Nazi-Soviet Pact The Shocking Alliance of 1939
Unveiled Europe's Reaction to Nazi Aggression in 1939-40
US Neutrality in Europe's Interwar Years: A Deep Dive
Fall of France and Italy's Unexpected War Moves
The Battle Of Britain: Hitler's Failed Invasion Of The UK
Decoding WWII Varied Historian Perspectives on War's Outbreak
Europe 1938-1940 Triggers of WWII and Hitler's Role
Unveiling ToK Bridging the Gap Between History & Critical Thought
Unlocking Knowledge: 8 Ways in ToK & History
Unlocking The Intricacies Of ToK's Eight Areas Of Knowledge
Unraveling ToK: How Historical Development Shapes Knowledge
Exploring Shared Vs. Personal Knowledge in ToK & History
Maximizing IB History Skills for ToK Success
Part 1 - Rivalry, Mistrust & Accord (The Cold War)
Part 2 - Leaders & Nations (The Cold War)
Part 3 - Cold War Crises (The Cold War)
History SL
Case Study 2: German & Italian Expansion 1933-40 (The Global War)
Hitler's Ascent: Impact on 1930s Europe
597 words
3 mins read
Last edited on 5th Nov 2024
Table of content
Key terms
- Hitler: German politician who became chancellor of Germany in 1933.
- Mussolini: Italian politician who was the leader of Italy during WWII.
- Four-Power Pact: A treaty signed in 1933 between Italy, Germany, France, and Britain for cooperation and maintenance of peace.
- Anschluss: The political union between Germany and Austria.
- Stresa Front: A pact signed in 1935 by Italy, Britain, and France to counter German revisionism.
Summary
- Hitler's Rise to Power
- Hitler’s appointment as chancellor of Germany in 1933 was a turning point in European diplomatic alignments.
- Many countries responded by reinforcing collective security measures.
- Mussolini, concerned about Hitler's ambitions, proposed the Four-Power Pact, which was signed in June 1933. However, it didn't last long as Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and Disarmament Conference in October that year.
- South Tyrol and Italy's concerns
- South Tyrol, formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was given to Italy under the Treaty of St Germain in 1919.
- The rise of Hitler and nationalism in Germany posed a threat to Italy’s control of the largely German-speaking South Tyrol.
- In the 1920s, Mussolini attempted to ‘Italianize’ the region with measures such as banning the German language, but had limited success.
- Austria and Italy's Stance
- In July 1934, Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss was murdered by Nazi agents attempting to initiate an Anschluss.
- Italy threatened to defend Austrian independence and mobilized troops to the Austrian border.
- Germany, not yet strong enough, backed down. This was a diplomatic victory for Italy and showcased the strength of the Italian military.
- However, the murder exposed the vulnerability of Austrian independence.
- The Stresa Front
- When Hitler announced rearmament in 1935, Mussolini proposed a conference with Britain and France.
- The Stresa Front, a pact signed by the three countries, aimed to preserve the 1919 German western frontiers, reinforcing their commitment to the 1925 Locarno Pact.
- The countries also pledged to consult each other if Austria’s independence was threatened.
- Failure of the Stresa Front
- The Stresa Front, the last attempt to use collective security against German revisionism, collapsed.
- This was due to national interests being prioritized over collective security.
- Before the Stresa Front, Mussolini had mobilized troops in his African colonies for an invasion of Abyssinia.
- Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in June 1935, allowing Germany's navy to be one-third the size of Britain’s without consulting France and Italy, which outraged them.
Real-world examples
- The Four-Power Pact is similar to the formation of the United Nations, where countries come together to promote peace and cooperation.
- Italy's attempts to 'Italianize' South Tyrol are similar to efforts by countries throughout history to assimilate minorities into their dominant culture.
- The Stresa Front’s failure mirrors the breakdown of diplomatic efforts and the emergence of national interests during periods of tension, such as during the Cold War.
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History SL
Case Study 2: German & Italian Expansion 1933-40 (The Global War)
Hitler's Ascent: Impact on 1930s Europe
597 words
3 mins read
Last edited on 5th Nov 2024
Table of content
Key terms
- Hitler: German politician who became chancellor of Germany in 1933.
- Mussolini: Italian politician who was the leader of Italy during WWII.
- Four-Power Pact: A treaty signed in 1933 between Italy, Germany, France, and Britain for cooperation and maintenance of peace.
- Anschluss: The political union between Germany and Austria.
- Stresa Front: A pact signed in 1935 by Italy, Britain, and France to counter German revisionism.
Summary
- Hitler's Rise to Power
- Hitler’s appointment as chancellor of Germany in 1933 was a turning point in European diplomatic alignments.
- Many countries responded by reinforcing collective security measures.
- Mussolini, concerned about Hitler's ambitions, proposed the Four-Power Pact, which was signed in June 1933. However, it didn't last long as Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and Disarmament Conference in October that year.
- South Tyrol and Italy's concerns
- South Tyrol, formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was given to Italy under the Treaty of St Germain in 1919.
- The rise of Hitler and nationalism in Germany posed a threat to Italy’s control of the largely German-speaking South Tyrol.
- In the 1920s, Mussolini attempted to ‘Italianize’ the region with measures such as banning the German language, but had limited success.
- Austria and Italy's Stance
- In July 1934, Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss was murdered by Nazi agents attempting to initiate an Anschluss.
- Italy threatened to defend Austrian independence and mobilized troops to the Austrian border.
- Germany, not yet strong enough, backed down. This was a diplomatic victory for Italy and showcased the strength of the Italian military.
- However, the murder exposed the vulnerability of Austrian independence.
- The Stresa Front
- When Hitler announced rearmament in 1935, Mussolini proposed a conference with Britain and France.
- The Stresa Front, a pact signed by the three countries, aimed to preserve the 1919 German western frontiers, reinforcing their commitment to the 1925 Locarno Pact.
- The countries also pledged to consult each other if Austria’s independence was threatened.
- Failure of the Stresa Front
- The Stresa Front, the last attempt to use collective security against German revisionism, collapsed.
- This was due to national interests being prioritized over collective security.
- Before the Stresa Front, Mussolini had mobilized troops in his African colonies for an invasion of Abyssinia.
- Britain signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in June 1935, allowing Germany's navy to be one-third the size of Britain’s without consulting France and Italy, which outraged them.
Real-world examples
- The Four-Power Pact is similar to the formation of the United Nations, where countries come together to promote peace and cooperation.
- Italy's attempts to 'Italianize' South Tyrol are similar to efforts by countries throughout history to assimilate minorities into their dominant culture.
- The Stresa Front’s failure mirrors the breakdown of diplomatic efforts and the emergence of national interests during periods of tension, such as during the Cold War.
Unlock the Full Content!
Dive deeper and gain exclusive access to premium files of History SL. Subscribe now and get closer to that 45 🌟
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